Exercises
1. Fill in the blanks.
a. _____ was the first computing system. [ENIAC / abacus / IC]
Ans: Abacus
b. _____ developed the concept of an Analytical Engine.[Charles Babbage / Blaise Pascal / Eckert and Mauchly]
Ans: Charles Babbage
c. The first automatic electro-mechanical computer was called ______[ENIAC / abacus / Mark-1]
Ans: Mark-1
d. The first general-purpose electronic computer using vacuum tubes is the _____. [ENIAC / UNIVAC / Mark -1]
Ans: ENIAC
e. The first Generation computers used ______. [vacuum/ transistors/ENIAC]
Ans: vacuum
f. The ______ Generation computers used transistors. [First/ Second/ Third]
Ans: Second
2. Write T for true and F for false.
a. ENIAC is a First Generation computer.
Ans: T
b. The abacus was developed by the Romans.
Ans: F
c. The first automatic electro-mechanical computer was the UNIVAC.
Ans: F
d. Integrated Circuits were a part of the Second Generation of Computers.
Ans: F
e. A computer can show the latest status after booking a ticket.
Ans: T
f. Weather forecasting is useful for bank managers.
Ans: F
3. Finish the sentences.
a. The abacus is used for counting and doing simple mathematical calculations.
b. In computers of the fourth generation, Medium Scale Integration circuits were replaced by Large Scale Integration (LSI) and Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI).
c. A disadvantage of computers of the fourth generation is the fast pace of upgradation, which makes a particular type of computer redundant very fast.
d. Development of artificial intelligence is included in the fifth generation of computer innovation.
e. Some computer-based facilities offered by banks are Automatic Cash Dispenser, ATMs (Automated Teller Machines), MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition)
4. Give short answers.
a. Write a short note on the history of computers.
Ans: The history of computers started from the Abacus, which was created by the Egyptians around 450 B.C. It was used to count and do some simple mathematical calculations.
In 1614 A.D., John Napier devised a set of rods for use as multiplication aids. It was known as Napier's Bones.
In 1642 A.D., Blaise Pascal devised the first true calculating machine. It could perform multiplication by repeated addition and division by repeated subtraction. It was later known as Arithmetic Machine.
In 1822 A.D., Charles Babbage demonstrated a small working model of the Difference Engine. It led him to develop the concept of an Analytical Engine which was a general-purpose automatic calculator. It is the Analytical Engine that formed the basis of the modern computer 100 years later.
Between 1937 to 1944, Howard Aiken, with the support of IBM, built the first automatic electromechanical computer. They gave it the name Mark-I
In 1946 A.D., J.P. Eckert and John Mauchly developed the first general-purpose electronic computer by the name Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC)
b. Compare computers of the first and second generation.
Ans. The first generation computers were machines based on vacuum tubes but the second generation computers were based on transistors. Those vacuum tubes were relatively large and each was able to hold and process only small amounts of instruction at a time. On the other hand, transistors were smaller and more reliable. The first generated large amount of heat, but the second lesser heat. The first one could be moved from one place to another but the second could be.
c. Give the main advantage and disadvantages of the Fourth Generation computers.
Ans: The main advantage and disadvantages of the Fourth Generation computers are as follows:
Advantages
. More accurate
. Minimal maintenance
. No air conditioning required
. High component density
. Economical
. Easy commercial production
Disadvantages
. The fast pace of upgradation, which makes a particular type of computer redundant very fast.
d. Give a brief account on Fifth Generation of computers.
Ans: Now we are in the fifth generation of computers. The world is moving towards the development of what is called " Super Large Scale Integration computers. These in turn will compliment and improve on speed, miniaturization and cost reduction. Development of artificial intelligence to make decisions almost like human beings is included in the fifth generation of computer innovation.
e. State six fields where computers are used.
Ans: The followings are the six fields where computers are used:
1. Digital Audio/ Video Composition.
2. Banking
3. Business Offices and Shops
4. Media and Entertainment
5. Travelling and Reservation
6. Security
f. What purpose do computers serve in banks?
Ans: Computers are used for various purposes in banks. It is almost totally dependent on the computers for differents tasks - verification of cheques, updating account balance. calculating interests, keeping records of transactions, printing bank statements, dealing with online enquiry by the customers, etc. Even Computers-Based facilities like Automatic cash dispenser, ATMs (Automated Teller Machines), MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) make it easier for customers to deal with banks. With the ATMs, you no longer have to wait in long queues for the bank clerk to carry out your instructions. Most banks today have ATMs that help you withdraw money, pay bills, obtain account statements, etc.
g. In which generation of computers did Integrated Circuits appear? Elaborate.
Ans: Integrated Circuits appeared in the Third generation of computers. This technology made it possible to integrate a number of circuit elements (like transistors) on the surface of very small silicon pieces called chips. This led to the development of extremely powerful computers.
h. Explain the role of computers in the Internet.
Ans: Without a computer, we can hardly think of the Internet. The Internet is one of the greatest inventions of humanity. It is a massive network of computers, each with the ability to access any of the others. A huge amount of information can be found on the Internet. It is the ultimate form of media- a combination of newspaper, radio, and television. Using the internet, any two people anywhere can communicate, with text or voice. Video conferencing tools are becoming readily available to the public. New uses are being found for the Internet every day.
5. Write the full forms.
a. ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculato
b. UNIVAC: Universal Accounting Company
c. DTP: Desktop Publishing
d. ATM: Automated Teller Machines
e. IC: Integrated Circuits
f. MSI: Medium Scale Integration
g. MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
h. VLS: Very Large Scale
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